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OBJECTIVES: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves show how well a risk prediction model discriminates between patients with and without a condition. We aim to investigate how ROC curves are presented in the literature and discuss and illustrate their potential limitations. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a pragmatic literature review of contemporary publications that externally validated clinical prediction models. We illustrated limitations of ROC curves using a testicular cancer case study and simulated data. RESULTS: Of 86 identified prediction modeling studies, 52 (60%) presented ROC curves without thresholds and one (1%) presented an ROC curve with only a few thresholds. We illustrate that ROC curves in their standard form withhold threshold information have an unstable shape even for the same area under the curve (AUC) and are problematic for comparing model performance conditional on threshold. We compare ROC curves with classification plots, which show sensitivity and specificity conditional on risk thresholds. CONCLUSION: ROC curves do not offer more information than the AUC to indicate discriminative ability. To assess the model's performance for decision-making, results should be provided conditional on risk thresholds. Therefore, if discriminatory ability must be visualized, classification plots are attractive.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.01.028

Type

Journal article

Journal

J clin epidemiol

Publication Date

10/2020

Volume

126

Pages

207 - 216

Keywords

Classification plots, Receiver operating characteristic curve, Risk prediction models, Risk threshold, Area Under Curve, Clinical Decision Rules, Computer Simulation, Decision Making, Humans, Lymph Nodes, Male, Models, Statistical, Models, Theoretical, Predictive Value of Tests, ROC Curve, Retroperitoneal Neoplasms, Risk Assessment, Sensitivity and Specificity, Testicular Neoplasms