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The nitrogen containing bisphosphonates (N-BP) are the drug of choice for treating disease characterised by resorption of bone such as osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. The overall mechanism of action is achieved through a combination of precise targeting to the bone environment and an extremely potent inhibition of a vital enzyme in an essential metabolic pathway. This targeting to bone is achieved through the phosphate-carbon-phosphate backbone of the drug which gives a high affinity for bone mineral. Once bound to bone the N-BP can be internalised by osteoclasts as they resorb bone where the drug can then interact with its molecular target. The enzyme target of these drugs, FPP synthase, is at a branch point in the mevalonate pathway. This pathway is principally used for the manufacture of cholesterol but also many other biochemicals including farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. These prenyl groups are used in the post-transcriptional modification of proteins such as small GTPases that require a lipid membrane anchor to function. The main cellular effect of the blockade of FPP synthase by N-BP is to prevent protein prenylation resulting in disruption to vital signalling pathways and loss of osteoclast function. This review will examine the biochemistry of FPP synthase, inhibition by the N-BP and and other potential uses of prenyl synthase inhibitors.

Type

Journal article

Journal

Curr pharm des

Publication Date

2010

Volume

16

Pages

2961 - 2969

Keywords

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Animals, Bone Density Conservation Agents, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Resorption, Catalytic Domain, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Diphosphonates, Drug Design, Enzyme Inhibitors, Geranyltranstransferase, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Nitrogen, Osteoporosis, Protein Prenylation, Structure-Activity Relationship