OBJECTIVE: To compare performance of logistic regression (LR) with machine learning (ML) for clinical prediction modeling. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a Medline literature search (1/2016 to 8/2017), and extracted comparisons between LR and ML models for binary outcomes. RESULTS: We included 71 out of 927 studies. The median sample size was 1250 (range 72-3,994,872), with 19 predictors considered (range 5-563) and 8 events per predictor (range 0.3-6,697). The most common ML methods were classification trees (30 studies), random forests (28), artificial neural networks (26), and support vector machines (24). Sixty-four (90%) studies used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to assess discrimination. Calibration was not addressed in 56 (79%) studies. We identified 282 comparisons between a LR and ML model (AUC range, 0.52-0.99). For 145 comparisons at low risk of bias, the difference in logit(AUC) between LR and ML was 0.00 (95% confidence interval, -0.18 to 0.18). For 137 comparisons at high risk of bias, logit(AUC) was 0.34 (0.20 to 0.47) higher for ML. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of superior performance of ML over LR for clinical prediction modeling, but improvements in methodology and reporting are needed for studies that compare modeling algorithms.