Although conventional anticancer drugs exhibit excellent efficacy, serious adverse effects and/or even toxicity have occurred due to their nonselectivity. Moreover, active targeting approaches have not consistently led to successful outcomes. Ligands that simultaneously possess targeting capability and exert a strong influence on intracellular signaling cascades may be expected to improve the therapeutic efficacy of active targeting nanoparticulate carriers. In this study, we screened a targeting peptide, LPLTPLP, which specifically bound to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens in vitro. Surprisingly, this peptide inhibited the expression of Hsp90 and induced apoptosis by preventing autophagy in A549 cells treated with docetaxel. The results suggested that this peptide might be used as a promising dual-functional ligand for cancer treatment. Based on these findings, we designed and developed a novel active targeting delivery system by modifying docetaxel nanoparticles (DNP) with the dual-functional ligand LPLTPLP. We consistently demonstrated that the cellular uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) was significantly enhanced in vitro. Furthermore, the targeting NPs exhibited significantly improved antitumor efficacy and biodistribution compared with nontargeting nanodrug and free docetaxel. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of dual-functional NPs for efficient anticancer therapy.