Ultrasound-mediated therapies for the treatment of biofilms in chronic wounds: a review of present knowledge.

Bacterial biofilms are an ever-growing concern for public health, featuring both inherited genetic resistance and a conferred innate tolerance to traditional antibiotic therapies. Consequently, there is a growing interest in novel methods of drug delivery, in order to increase the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. One such method is the use of acoustically activated microbubbles, which undergo volumetric oscillations and collapse upon exposure to an ultrasound field. This facilitates physical perturbation of the biofilm and provides the means to control drug delivery both temporally and spatially. In line with current literature in this area, this review offers a rounded argument for why ultrasound-responsive agents could be an integral part of advancing wound care. To achieve this, we will outline the development and clinical significance of biofilms in the context of chronic infections. We will then discuss current practices used in combating biofilms in chronic wounds and then critically evaluate the use of acoustically activated gas microbubbles as an emerging treatment modality. Moreover, we will introduce the novel concept of microbubbles carrying biologically active gases that may facilitate biofilm dispersal.