Clinical, genetic and omics-based biomarkers that might support the identification of the development of psoriatic arthritis in individuals with psoriasis – a narrative review of the literature

It is known that 25-30% of individuals with cutaneous psoriasis (PsC ) will develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA). To date, the reasons for the development of PsA in individuals with PsC have not been identified. Furthermore, there are considerable delays in diagnosis and treatment of PsA, which lead to joint and bone deformation and chronic pain. It is therefore important to develop more precise diagnostic and screening tools. In this narrative review of the literature, clinical risk factors and novel molecular biomarkers (genetic markers, blood and inflammatory markers, lipid, metabolite and protein biomarkers) have been evaluated. The review included 38 publications that were reported between May 2020 to May 2024. Similar to previous reviews, nail involvement was one of the strongest clinical risk factors for the development of PsA, while molecular biomarkers did not provide a clear and robust differentiation between PsC and PsA groups. The seemingly poor performance of molecular markers may be largely attributed to small study populations and heterogeneity in study designs. Data and sample sharing in large consortia such as the HIPPOCRATES consortium could help to overcome the limitations of small studies and enable the development of more robust diagnostic and screening tools for PsA.