Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
James SL., Castle CD., Dingels ZV., Fox JT., Hamilton EB., Liu Z., S Roberts NL., Sylte DO., Henry NJ., LeGrand KE., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader RS., Abedi A., Abosetugn AE., Abushouk AI., Adebayo OM., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed MB., Eddine Aichour MT., Alahdab F., Alamene GM., Alanezi FM., Alebel A., Alema NM., Alghnam SA., Al-Hajj S., Ali BA., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid SM., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri NA., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer YS., Amini S., Loreche Amit AM., Andrei CL., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio CA., Yaw Appiah SC., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla BP., Ayano G., Ayanore MA., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye AD., Bagli E., Baig AA., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee SK., Banik PC., Banstola A., Barker-Collo SL., Bärnighausen TW., Barrero LH., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye BA., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma TT., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett DA., Bensenor IM., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat AG., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed MS., Borges G., Borzì AM., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko NI., Budhathoki SS., Car J., Cárdenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia JM., Castañeda-Orjuela CA., Castelpietra G., Catalá-López F., Cerin E., Chandan JS., Chanie WF., Chattu SK., Chattu VK., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho DY., Kabir Chowdhury MA., Chu D-T., Colquhoun SM., Constantin M-M., Costa VM., Damiani G., Daryani A., Dávila-Cervantes CA., Demeke FM., Demis AB., Demoz GT., Demsie DG., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab MD., da Silva DD., Dibaji Forooshani ZS., Doyle KE., Driscoll TR., Dubljanin E., Adema BD., Eagan AW., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki ME., Elemineh DA., El-Jaafary SI., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen CL., Emamian MH., Endalew DA., Eskandarieh S., Faris PS., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede TY., Fereshtehnejad S-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa GT., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan MO., Foroutan M., Francis JM., Franklin RC., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam BS., Gebre AK., Gebremedhin KB., Gebremeskel GG., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw GA., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill TK., Goulart AC., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari MI., Guimarães RA., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma JA., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli HH., Hall BJ., Hamadeh RR., Hamidi S., Haro JM., Hasan MM., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen HY., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Híjar M., Ho HC., Hoang CL., Hole MK., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye SE., Ilesanmi OS., Ilic I., Ilic MD., Inbaraj LR., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani SS., Shariful Islam SM., Islam MM., Ivers RQ., Jacobsen KH., Jahani MA., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke AU., Jha RP., John-Akinola YO., Jonas JB., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak JJ., Jungari SB., Jürisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh LR., Kalhor R., Kamil TA., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye HG., Kavetskyy T., Kebede HK., Keiyoro PN., Kelbore AG., Kelkay B., Khader YS., Khafaie MA., Khalid N., Khalil IA., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan EA., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani FK., Khundkar R., Kiirithio DN., Kim Y-E., Kim D., Kim YJ., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli SK., Korshunov VA., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer MU., Krishan K., Bicer BK., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar GA., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi OP., Kuti O., Vecchia CL., Lami FH., Lamichhane P., Lang JJ., Lansingh VC., Laryea DO., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher JL., Huey Lee SW., Lenjebo TL., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez AD., Lotufo PA., Lunevicius R., Lyons RA., Madadin M., El Razek MMA., Mahotra NB., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas JN., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta DC., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia MA., Maravilla JC., March LM., Mason-Jones AJ., Masoumi SZ., Massenburg BB., Maulik PK., Meles GG., Melese A., Melketsedik ZA., N Memiah PT., Mendoza W., Menezes RG., Mengesha MB., Mengesha MM., Meretoja TJ., Meretoja A., Merie HE., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller TR., Mini GK., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov EM., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad KA., Darwesh AM., Gholi Mezerji NM., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed JA., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velásquez IM., Morisaki N., Morrison SD., Mossie TB., Muluneh AG., Murthy S., Musa KI., Mustafa G., Nabhan AF., Nagarajan AJ., Naik G., Naimzada MD., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento BR., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe DE., Negoi I., Ngunjiri JW., Nguyen CT., Thi Nguyen HL., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum DN., Nnaji CA., Nyasulu PS., Ogbo FA., Oghenetega OB., Oh I-H., Okunga EW., Olagunju AT., Olagunju TO., Bali AO., Onwujekwe OE., Asante KO., Orpana HM., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov SS., A MP., Padubidri JR., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E-K., Patel SK., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton GC., Paulos K., Peden AE., Filipino Pepito VC., Pereira J., Pham HQ., Phillips MR., Pinheiro M., Polibin RV., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi DR., Puri P., Syed ZQ., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman MA., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao SJ., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho AM., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro AI., Rickard J., Rios González CM., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad AM., Sabde YD., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi SM., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi SS., Rashad Salem MR., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy AM., Sanabria J., Riera LS., Santric Milicevic MM., Sarker AR., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer SM., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel DC., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou SG., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh MA., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin JI., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir ID., Singh PK., Singh JA., Sinha DN., Smarandache C-G., R Smith EU., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian AR., Soriano JB., Sorrie MB., Soyiri IN., Stein DJ., Stokes MA., Sufiyan MB., Rasul Suleria HA., Sykes BL., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabb KM., Taddele BW., Tadesse DB., Tamiru AT., Tarigan IU., Tefera YM., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle MG., Tekulu GH., Tesema AK., Tesfay BE., Thapar R., Tilahune AB., Tlaye KG., Tohidinik HR., Topor-Madry R., Tran BX., Tran KB., Tripathy JP., Tsai AC., Car LT., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman OA., Valdez PR., Vasankari TJ., Venketasubramanian N., Violante FS., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel GT., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde HF., Woldeyes DH., Wondafrash DZ., Wondmeneh TG., Wondmieneh AB., Wu A-M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S-J., Youm Y., Younis MZ., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam TZ., Zaidi Z., Zaman SB., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z-J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne SD., Hay SI., Mokdad AH., Reiner RC., Sartorius B., Vos T.
BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHODS: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.